er (香农河) 。④ coast with striking cliffs and heavily indented.⑤Bogs(沼泽) are the most significant feature of Irish landscape.地理特征：1.盆地，中央大平原，石灰石高原被沿海山岳环绕，2.最高峰为卡朗图上，海拔1041米，3.最大河流：香农河，4.海岸悬崖突出，犬牙交错。5.沼泽是最为爱尔兰地理主要的特征
2)Climate in Ireland:①mild, moist and changeable.Extreme cold, long frosts, heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.②excessive rainfalls.③six climate regions.气候：1.温和，潮湿和多变，冬季严寒大雪，漫长霜期，夏季罕见酷暑2.雨水过多，3.6种气候区
3)Ethnic composition of Ireland: the basic ethnic stock is Celts with and admixture of Norse, French, Norman and English.种族分类：最主要的是凯尔特人，混有挪威人，法国人，诺曼人和英国人
4)Languages in Ireland:two offical languages—Irish(Gaelic盖尔语) and English.
5)Irish Catholicism:predominates in Ireland and Catholic religious practice is extremely high in Ireland. Ireland has supplied significant number of priests and missionaries to the outside world.天主教在爱尔兰占主导地位，爱尔兰也为其他国家提供大批重要牧师和传教士。
6)Conflict between the English and the Irish: a traditional source of conflict was religious differences(Protestant vs Catholic);冲突原因是宗教不同，新教和天主教
7)the issue of Northern Ireland: As a result of the conflict ,in 1921, the British signed the Anglo—Irish Treaty ,establishing an Irish Free State with dominion status, with a separate government in the Protestant-dominated North Ireland.北爱尔兰的成立：1921年战争的结果，英国签署了‘英爱条约’，建立爱尔兰自由帮，享有自治领的地位，并在新教控制的北爱尔兰成立独立政府。
8）foreign policy
Since independence Ireland has adhered to a policy of neutrality and nonalignment.It has contributed personnel to U.N.peacekeeping units in the Middle East,New Guinea,Zaire and Cyprus. joined the EC in 1973.自独立以来一直奉行中立、不结盟政策，为联合国在中东，新几内亚，扎伊尔和塞浦路斯的维和机构输送人员。1973年加入欧盟。
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