答案： Extra linguistic fator 中的historical reason ,

9) 这时的computer 指代的是哪一种模式?或者是说哪一种理据的构成?

答案：Etymological motivation

10)在南北战争时期, 南方的人一见到北方的人就胆战心惊,所以把北方的人比作rattle snake ,那么南方人的 这种用词,它是哪一种原因造成的?

答案：Extralinguistic factor中的psychological reason.

11) 问题:最早的纸是来自非洲的一种做纸的植物叫papyrus, 后来就用paper这个词指代所有的纸张,尽管造纸 的技术和原料变了, 但是paper 这个名词却被保留了下来, 这算词义变化的哪一种模式?

答案:transfer (书140页)

12) 问题: Extention 又被称作什么,哪一种词类的变化最能说明这个原因?

答案: generalization, from proper nouns to common nouns.

13) 问题:Narrowing 最能表现词义缩小的是哪一类?

答案: From common nouns to proper nouns

习题练习:

1)A concept is universal to all men regardless of____

A) culture B) race C) language D) all of the above

答案:D

2)问题: Mouth 在 the mouth of river这个习语 , 它采用了哪一种motivated ?

答案: semantically motivated

3)问题: Radiation and concatenation are different stages of development leading to polysemy , generally , radiation 和concatenation 哪一个出现的早?

答案: radiation proceeds concatenation

4)问题:Of the most words meaning changes , which are most productive , which are most common?

答案:Extension and narrowing

5) 问题: wife 由最早是指所有的woman 变为了married woman , 这是属于哪一种?

答案：Narrowing

6) 问题: Angel 由最早的messenger 变成了messenger by god , 是哪一个词义变化模式?

答案: Elvervation

7) 问题: silly 它现在的词义是foolish, 它是哪一种语义的变化模式?

答案: Degradation

8)问题: cukoo, 它既指布谷鸟的声音,也可以指布谷鸟, 它是哪种理据构成的词?

答案: Onomatopoeic Motivation

9)问题: Italian , 它是哪一个语系分支当中的哪一个语族?

答案: Indo-European language family
Western set
Italic

10)问题: Greek 属于哪一个语系当中的哪一个小的语系当中的哪一个语族?

答案: Indo-European language family
Western set
Hellenic

11)问题: fair and square, 这属于Idioms中的哪一个类别?

答案： Phonetic manipulation 中的 Rhyme

问题：What are the characteristics of antonyms?

答案：有四个：

1) Semantic opposition

2) A word which ahs more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.

3) Semantic inclusion

4) Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.

问题： "The chicken is ready to eat", 请你从语境的角度来分析？

答案：This is wrong sentence, because

it has two problems : 1)Ambiguity 2)Indication of reference

According to two functions of Context

1) Elimination of ambiguity

2) Indication of Reference

This sentence can be corrected as follows :

1)what a nice smell, the chicken is ready to eat.

2) The chicken is hungery, so the chicken needs foods.

选择题：

A concept has refer