(1) appreciative meaning

(2) pejorative meaning

Collocative meaning 中的例子要记好: pretty , handsome

Green 搭配的例子记好: green on the job, green fruit , green with envy , green-eyed monster.

复习:

问题: Blackmail 从发音的角度被划分成什么词,从理据的角度被划分成什么词?

答案:Complex

Morphological motivation

问题: 有 reference 的词必然具有sense and concept ( 正确)

有sense 的词一定具有reference.(错误)

The word which have meaning does not have necessarily reference.

问题: ’Forget, forgot, forgetting , forgotten , forgets’这是从哪一个角度来界定这个词的分支?

答案: Grammatical meaning

问题: ‘frozen, ‘formal’ , ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’ 这五个词是总结了什么的划分， 是根据什么的划分?

答案: stylistic meaning , 是根据The Five Clocks written by Martin Joos.

问题:But in daily life , we always refer to (formal), (neutral) , (informal).

问题: ’Pretty boy, pretty woman , pretty garden, pretty garden , pretty car’，请解释这些词的意义一样不一样？如果不一样请加以理论分析？

答案:Collocative meaning, when pretty is used to modify different nouns both animate and inanimate , their collocative meaning are totally different.

问题：Table tennis can be replaced by pingpong ball and the name of the bird is also called cuckoo , which can also be reused to refer to the sound of the bird , so their two words are (onomatopoeically) motivated.

问题：’Unexpected, expectation, expecting’, these three words are (morphologically) motivated.

问题： ’Hopeless, jobless, dislike’, 这三个词是靠什么motivated. ( morphologically motivated)

问题：’East or west , home is best’ and ’there is no place like home’. 这两话是使用了什么样的意义构成的？

答案: Connotative meaning

第六章: Sense Relations and Semantic Field

polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy.（五种关系的名词解释要记住）

Two Approaches to Polysemy:

1) Diachronic approach

2) Sychronic approach

Two Processes of Development

1) radiation

(1) radiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.

(2) the meaning are independent of one another, but can all be traced back to the central meaning.

e.g. face, neck

2) concatenation

(1) meaning ‘ linking together’, is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in may cases ,there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning .

(2) In plain terms the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.

e.g. treacle

注意： 这两种模式的名词解释照样要记（这两种模式只在填空，选择，出过题，还没有以名词解释形式考过）

问题：In the linguistic study, w