按大的分支来分分为: (1)grammatical meaning (2)Lexical meaning

分析题:*’The dog is chasing a cat’, analyze the sentence based on grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning itself has two components: conceptual meaning and associative meaning.

(语法意义上分析没考过, 但从词汇意义上分析考过)

语法意义指一个词的词性, 句中充当的成份, 句子的时态,单复数形式等.

1)’Dog, cat’ are nouns, and ’chase’ is transitive verb.

2) The sentence is used in present continuous tense.

3) ’The dog, a cat’ are singular form.

问题:The pen is mightier than sword? 请 从语法意义的角度上分析这句话?

Both ’pen and sword’ are nouns.
’mightier’ is an adjective, and ’than’ is preposition.
The sentence is in simple present tense.

这是现在时中采用的哪一种语法结构?

’Mightier than’ is comparative degree.

’pen and sword’ are in singular form.

’The pen’ is subject, and ’sword’ functions as an object to preposition ’than’.

’mightier’ is predictive.

重点名词解释:

Conceptual meaning:
1) Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.

2) Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communiation as the same word has the same conceptual meaing to all the speakers of the same language.

*Associative meaning :(一定要把它的四种分支答上)

1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.

2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminated.

3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc.

4)Associative meaning comprises four types : connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.

问题: Connotative meaning is not the same to everybody, every situation and every time, analyze the statement?

答案: e.g. A child is prejudiced against, often jeered at, beaten or scolded at home, then home to his is nothing but ’ a hell’, hence unfavourable connotatitions,

问题: 某些贬义词是不是任何时候都是贬义词？

答案：e.g. A phrase like ’son of a bitch’ which normally has an associative meaning of crude vulgarity may convey the connotation of ’friendliness’ and ’intimacy’ used between two close friends when they meet after some prolonged period of time.

问题:Stylistic meaning 根据字典上的划分有几种划分?根据The Five Clocks 划分,有几种划分?

答案:In some dictionaries, stylistic features are clearly marked as ’formal’, ’informal’, ’literary’, ’archaic’, slang’.

Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degrees of formality: ’frozen’, ’formal’, ’consultative’, ’casual’ and ’intimate’.

问题:在日常生活中,人们把文体只简单地划分为哪三类?

答案:1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal

注意:要把书中89页中例子[22][23]分析要记好.

在情感意义affective meaning, 考试往往要落脚在affective meaning