?station?(?AusE?=?ranch?)?
bluid?(?ScotE=?blood)
6)?Archaisms?
e.g.?wilt?(will)?
7)?Neologisms?
e.g.?email?(?Neologisms?)?
beaver?是girl?的slang?表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic?difference
Which?constitutes?the?larger?number?among?English?vocabulary,?content?
words?or?functional?words??
Answer?:?Content?words?
What?is?native?words??
Answer?:?(1)?By?origin,?English?words?can?be?classified?into?native?
words?and?borrowed?words.
(2)?Native?words?are?words?brought?to?Britain?in?the?fifth?century?by?
the?German?tribes:?the?Angles,?the?Saxons,?and?the?Jutes,?thus?know?as?
Anglo-Saxon?words.
(3)?Words?of?Anglo-Saxon?origin?are?small?in?number?,amounting?to?
roughly?50,000?to?60,000,?but?they?form?the?mainstream?of?the?basic?
word?stock?and?stand?at?the?core?of?the?language
什么叫borrowed?words??
Answer:?(1)?words?taken?over?from?foreign?languages?are?know?as?
borrowed?words?or?loan?words?or?borrowings?in?simple?terms.
(2)?It?is?estimated?that?English?borrowings?constitute?80?
percent?of?the?modern?English?vocabulary
(3)?The?English?language?has?vast?debts?.In?any?dictionary?
some?80%?of?the?entries?are?borrowed.
什么叫Denizens?
Denizens?are?words?borrowed?early?in?the?past?and?now?are?well?
assimilated?into?the?English?language.?In?other?words?they?have?come?to?
conform?to?the?English?way?of?pronunciation?and?spelling,?such?as?port?
from?portus?(L).
‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port?from?portus?(L),?cup?from?cuppa?(L),?
shift?from?skipta?(ON),?shirt?from?skyrta?(ON),?change?from?changier?
(F),?pork?from?porc?(F).
什么叫Translation-loans??
Translation-loans?are?words?and?expressions?formed?form?the?existing?
material?in?the?English?language?but?modeled?on?the?patterns?taken?from?
another?language,?such?as?‘®long?time?no?see?from?haojiumeijian?(Ch)
什么叫Semantic-loans??
words?of?this?category?are?not?borrowed?with?reference?to?the?form?,But?
their?meaning?are?borrowed?,?in?other?words,?English?has?borrowed?a?new?
meaning?for?an?existing?word?in?the?language?,such?as?the?word?dream?
,which?originally?meant?’joy’¯and?‘music?’,?and?its?modern?meaning?was?
borrowed?later?from?the?Norse.?
第二章：The?development?of?the?English?vocabulary
The?Indo-European?Language?Family?
It?is?assumed?that?the?world?has?approximately?3,000(some?put?it?
5,000)languages?,which?can?be?grouped?into?roughly?300?language?
families?on?the?basis?of?similarities?in?their?basic?word?stock?and?
grammar?.?(重点：语系划分的标准）
What?is?the?criteria?to?divide?language?families??
The?answer?:?1.?the?basis?of?similarities?in?their?basic?word?stock?
2.?grammar
(重点)The?Balto-Slavic?comprises?such?modern?languages?as(选择题内容：)?
Prussian,?Lithuanian?,?Polish?,Czech,?Bulgarian?,Slovenian?and?Russian.?
‘Indo-European’¯两大分支：
1.Eastern?set
2.Western?set?
Eastern?set:?Balto-Slavic,?Indo-Iranian,?Armenian?and?Albanian?
Western?set?:?Celtic,?Italic?, |
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