9.3.2 Rhetorical Features ( examples are very important )

1) phonetic manipulation

(1) Alliteration

(2) Rhyme

2) Lexical manipuation

(1) Reiteration ( duplication of synonyms )

e.g. hustle and bustle

cut and carve

odds and ends

(2) Repetition

e.g. word for word

year in year out

(3) Juxtaposition ( of antonyms )

e.g. up and down

hit or miss

rain and shine

3. Figures of speech

(1) Simile

e.g. as dead as a doornail

sleep like a log

(2) Metaphor

Animals are used to refer to people,

e.g. grey mare

snake in the grass

Inanimate things to refer to people

e.g. a new broom

flat tire

the salt of the earth

Things to refer to something else,

e.g. bed of dust

a wet blanket

black bottle

Actions, state to refer to abstract ideas or other actions, state, etc.

e.g. sit on the fence

cut the ground from under sb.

fall from grace

(3) Metonymy : idioms in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it.

(4) Synecdoche: substituting part for the whole

e.g. fall into good hands

earn one’s bread

(5) Personification

e.g. The pot calls the cattle back

(6) Euphemism

9.3.3 Variations of Idioms

1) Replacement

2) Addition or deletion

3) Position-shifting

4) Shortening

5) Dismembering

问题：classification of idioms可分为哪几类？

答案：Idioms may be classified into five groups :

1) Idioms Nominal in Natural

2) Idioms Adjectival in Nature

3) Idioms Verbal in Nature

4) Idioms Adverbial in Nature

5) Sentence Idioms

问题：Sentence idioms 如何分类: ( 选择或填空还未考过)

答案： They embrace declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative sentences.

In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.

注意：习语中的特例有可能是填空内容:

(Exception1) This class contains numerous prepositional phrases, which in nature are either adjectival or adverbial and in many cases have both functions at the same time.

(Exception2 )Sentence Idioms are mainly proverbs and sayings, including colloquialisms and catchphrases, including colloquialisms and catchphrases.

(Exception3)In terms of complexity Sentence Idioms can be further divided into simple, compound and complex sentences.

(Exception4） forms and functions of idioms are not necessarily identical.

问题：What are the rhetorical featur
 
 
es of idioms?

答案：1)Phonetic manipulation

(1) Alliteration

(2) Rhyme

2) Lexical manipulation

(1) Reiteration

(2) Repetition

(3) Juxtaposition

问题：Figures of speech ( 大的修饰格6个, 小的修饰格4个)

答案： 1) Simile

2) Metaphor

3) Metonymy

4) Synecdoche

5) Personification

6) Euphemism

(1) humourous

(2) ironic and