英语词汇学笔记（2）
· ***chapter one
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1. The term word is an elusive notion, which demands careful consideration at the outset.
2. a recognized criterion
a few commonly recognized criteria
in addition
to some extent
concerning…
3. This question has occupied the attention of linguistics for ages.
***What Is a Word
1. in visual terms (从视觉的关系上…)
In this line… (在这一点上…)
As defined in terms of … (根据…来定义)
… is/are viewed as ….
According to…
In a word, / To sum up,
2. The definition of a word comprises the following points
(1) a minimal free form of a language;
(2) a sound unity;
(3) a unit of meaning;
(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
3. to comply with these criteria
polysyllabic words
predicative (表语)
predictive (adj. 预言性的; 前兆的)
can be divided as…
can be broken down as…
can be separated into …
can be use as …
can work as…
… can stand alone as …
Similarly,…. ( adv. 同样地, 类似地…)
be opposite to …
…denotes…/means…
To make payment or action in return for concealment of discreditable secrets
***Sound and Meaning
1. A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world.
2. Each of the world’s cultures has come to agree that certain sounds will represent certain persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities outside the language system.
3. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”
---Lodwig and Barrett 1973
4. The relationship in question is conventional.
***Sound and Form
1. It is generally agreed that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form.
2. In other words, the sound should agree with the form. (adv.换句话说, )
3. This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English.
be true of …
4. The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today.
5. The internal reason for this is that…. &n
