. Words translated according to the sound
e.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）
lama from lama（Tib）
ketchup
tea
4. Semantic loans – their meaning are borrowed from another language
e.g. stupid old dump
new sassy
dream old joy and peace
pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work
new a member of the young pioneer
fresh old impertinent， sassy， cheeky
