大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。

　　第一章

　　1. Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

　　2. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German， ’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand， the same sound /rait/ can mean right， rite and write， though denoting different things， yet have the same sound.

　　3. The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.

　　（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）

　　a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.

　　b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling

　　c）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500

　　d）. Borrowing of foreign language

　　4. Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect， a given book， a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.

　　The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.

　　5.Classification of Words—by use frequency， by notion， by origin

　　1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.

　　1. all national character （most important）– natural phenomena

　　most common things and phenomena of the human body and relations

　　world around us names of plants and animals

　　action， size， domain， state

　　numerals， pronouns， prep. ，conj.

　　2. stability – they donate the commonest thing necessary to life， they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative， some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.

　　e.g. arrow， bow， chariot， knight – past

　　electricity， machine， car， plane —— now

　　3. productivity – they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words， they can form new words with other roots and affixes.

　　e.g. foot – football， footage， footpath， footer

　　4. polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.

　　e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another

　　to remove

　　5. collocability – quite a number of set expressions， idiomatic usages， proverbial saying and others

　　e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of gold

　　Non-basic vocabulary ——