d from the word "utility". Its tenor is "the greatest happiness of the greatest number." People use it as the measure of right or wrong in social system. The Bourgeois use this theory to exploit working class.
Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced. Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility， that is， the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.
This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists， whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost and brought greater suffering and poverty to the working mass.
Charles Dickens attacked the Utilitarianism in his Hard Time.
（2） Darwin's Evolution.
Evolutionary theory： human beings are evolved from apes. The theory influenced and shakened the firm Christian belief （all things and man are created by God.）
（3） Herbert Spencer's Social Darwinism
Herbert applied Darwin's evolutionary theory to human society. That's
1， Struggle for existence. 生存竞争
2， Survival of the fittest. 适者生存Herbert' social Darwinism severed for the Bourgeois class.
Utilitarianism and Social Darwinism served for the Bourgeois class. Darwin's evolutionary theory shattered the Christian belief.
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