16. According to Searle,  s          acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five

general types of things we do with language.

17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d          processes of

change in language elements and language systems.

18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g          and

socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.

19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1          hemisphere of the brain.

20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires

little conscious i          on the part of adults.

llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2% × 10=20%)

21. (      ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

22. (      ) We use dark [ ] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi: ] and little [l I t ], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [l υf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [ ] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.

23. (      ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.

24. (      ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.

25. (      ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.

26. (      ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.

27. (      ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.

28. (      )   In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.