16.The basic difference between pragmatics and traditional semantics is that pragmatics considers meaning in  c         and traditional semantics studies meaning in isolation from use.

17.Language changes can be associated with major social changes caused by wars, invasions, colonialization and colonial settlement, cultural and economic advances, or socio-economic

s          .

18.A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties and combines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s          variation, in one form or another.

19.It is known that specialized linguistic and perceptual skills are each localized in a particular hemisphere of the brain . The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l          .

20.The C          Analysis approach was founded on the belief that it was possible, by establishing the linguistic differences between the native and target language systems, to predict what problems learners of a particular second language would face and the types of errors they would make.

Ⅲ .Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true of F for false in the bracket in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version.(2% × 10=20%)

21.(     )With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.

22.(     )If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in the word feel not as a dark     , but as a clear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.

23. (     )A logical subject may have different positions in a sentence.

24.(     )The subordinator only marks the beginning of an embedded clause, and it doesn ’ t indicate the grammatical function of the embedded clause in the sentence.

25.(     )English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.

26.(     )The utterance meaning of a sentence remains the same in all contexts.