11. The description of a language at some point in time is a s________ study.

12. When pitch,   stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,   they are collectively known as i________.

13. According to its position in the new word,   a________ are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.

14. P________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set of different meanings.

15. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions.

16. The u________ meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is uttered.

17. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree,   and to reconstruct the p________,   the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.

18. R________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.

19. Learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language.   This is known as language t________.

20. A related issue with integrative motivation has been the extent to which learners differ in the process of adapting to the new culture of the L2 community.   This adaptation process is called a ________.

三、判断说明题 ( 判断下列各题，正确的在题干后面的括号内填“ T ”，错误的填“ F ”，并说明理由。每小题 2 分，共 20 分 )

21. Modern linguistics is mainly diachronic. (       )

22. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “ copying ” a feature of a sequential phoneme,   thus making the two phones similar. (       )

23. Semantically,   the meaning of a compound is often idiomatic,   always being the sum total of the meanings of its components. (       )

24. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called transformational rules,   whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. (       )