22. The reason for the exclusive use of the foreign language in the Direct Method is to enable the students to think in the target language, so that they can use it to express themselves ______ without referring to their mother tongue.
23. Books such as A Grammar of Spoken English on a Strictly Phonetic Basis, A Handbook of English Grammar, Guide to Patterns and Usage in English served as a standard ______ source of basic English sentence patterns for textbook writers.
24. Like other approaches of foreign language teaching, the objectives of the Oral Approach are to help learners get a practical ______ of the four basic skills of language.
25. The learning theory of the Audiolingual Method is ______ in psychology.
26. In an Audiolingual Method classroom, listening is viewed as training in ______ discrimination of basic sound patterns.
27. Chomsky rejected the behaviorist model of language acquisition on the basis of his model of competence and ______.
28. The Cognitive Approach holds that students’ mistakes are ______ in the creative use of language.
29. The ______ i+1, put forward by Krashen, means input that contains structures slightly above the learner’s present level.
30. The Natural Approach suggests that grammar use should be limited to situations where it will not ______ with communication.
31. The educational perspectives in the Communicative Approach evolved alongside the significant developments in linguistics, ______ and psychology.
32. According to Canale and Swain, communicative competence includes four dimensions: grammatical, discourse, sociolinguistic and ______ competence.
33. The Silent Way is based on the principle that successful learning involves commitment of the self to language acquisition through the use of silent ______ and then active trial.
34. Since the end of World War II, teachers have found themselves under considerable pressure to abandon the long-standing ______ model, though it had been in general use in second language teaching since the late 18th century.
35. The goals of language instruction in the 1960s were on the oral medium, and ______ was deemphasized.
