C. after much study                                           D. by producing greeting cards

13. Why does the author mention Currier and Ives in lines 8-9?

A. They are folk artists

B. They collected many of Grandma Moses’ paintings

C. They made calendars from Grandma Moses’ landscapes

D. Grandma Moses based some paintings on their work

14. According to the passage, Grandma Moses switched from needlework to painting because of________.

A. her desire to create landscapes                 B. the public’s interest in painting

C. her need to make money                         D. a physical condition that affected her

15. The word “ naive ” in line 24 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Unsophisticated                                      B. Ignorant

C. Unspoiled                                              D. Trusting

Passage 4

　　 Before the 1850’s the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church-connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.

　　 Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In Germany a different kind of university had developed. The German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between midcentury and the end of the 1800’s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them returned to become presidents of venerable colleges — Harvard, Yale, Columbia — and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by rote were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor’s own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph. D, an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate students learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.