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In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it ) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, and refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
Questions
6-10 are based on Passage Two.
6. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by______.
A. posing a contrast
B. justifying an assumption
C. making a comparison
D. explaining a phenomenon
7. The statement “it is all too monkey” ( Paragraph 1 ) implies that______.
A. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals
B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature
C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other
D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions
8. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are______.
A. more inclined to weigh what they get
B. attentive to researchers’ instructions
C. nice in both appearance and temperament
D. more generous than their male companions
9. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys______.
A. prefer grapes to cucumbers
B. can be taught to exchange things
C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated
D. are unhappy when separated from others
10. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.
C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.
D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.
Passage Three
The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite high temperature, there may be a small solid core.
However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed.
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